Sometimes force acting on a body, instead of producing a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion, produces a change in the shape of the body. Such a force is called deforming force. A rigid body can be noticeably stretched, compressed, bent or twisted by applying a suitable force. A body that returns to its original shape and size on the removal of the deforming force is called an elastic body. The property of matter by virtue of which it regains its original shape and size, when the deforming forces have been removed is called elasticity. Contrary to the concept of elasticity in daily life; in physics, elasticity stands for opposition to change. Qualitatively, more rigid a body, more elastic it is said to be. This is the reason why steel is more elastic than rubber.
Application of Elasticity
(i) Any metallic part of machinery is never subjected to a stress beyond the elastic limit of the material.
(ii) The thickness of metallic ropes used in cranes to lift and move heavy weights is decided on the basis of the elastic limit of the material of the rope and the factor of safety.
(iii) The bridges are declared unsafe after long use.
(iv) In designing a beam for its use to support a load, it is advantageous to increase its depth rather than the breadth of the beam.
(v) A hollow shaft is stronger than a solid shaft made of same and equal material.
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