Current Electricity deals with the charges in motion and the various effects and phenomenon related to it. If charged conductors are connected by a metallic wire, it is found that there is a flow of charge from the conductor at higher potential to another at lower potential. The flow of charge continues till their electric potentials become equal. If we maintain the potential difference between the two conductors, we get a constant flow of charge in metallic, connecting the two conductors. The flow of charge in metallic wire constitutes electric current. The branch of physics which deals with the charges in motion is called current electricity.
The charged particles whose flow in a definite direction constitutes the electric current are called current carriers.
(a) Current carriers in solid conductors – In solid conductors like metals, the valence electrons of the atoms do not remain attached to individual atoms but are free to move throughout the volume of the conductor. Thus the valence electrons are the current carriers in solid conductors.
(b) Current carriers in liquids – In an electrolyte like CuSO4, NaCl etc., there are positively and negatively charged ions. These are forced to move in definite directions under the effect of an external electric field, causing electric current.
(c) Current carriers in gases – Ordinarily, the gases are insulators of electricity. But they can be ionized by applying a high potential difference at low pressures or by their exposure to X – rays etc. The ionized gas contains positive ions and electrons. Thus positive ions and electrons are the current carriers in gases.
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