In periodic table, the elements are classified into four blocks namely; s, p, d and f after the name of the atomic orbital which receives the last electron. The d-block elements are called as transition elements. The transition elements may be defined as the elements whose atoms or simple ions contain partially filled d-orbitals. This definition of transition elements does not cover zinc, cadmium and mercury because they have completely filled d-subshell in their atom and common oxidation states. As a result Zn, Cd, Hg does not exhibit characteristic properties of transition elements.

              The f-block elements consist of two series of inner transition elements i.e., Lanthanoids and Actinoids. These are also called as rare earth elements. Lanthanoids involves the filling of 4f-orbital while actinoids involves the filling of 5f-orbitals in their atoms. These f-orbitals belong to the shell third from the outer shell. Lanthanum, the first member of lanthanides having the configuration of [Xe] 5d¹ 6s². The electronic configuration of the elements with fully filled (f¹⁴) and half filled (f⁷) f-orbitals are relatively more stable. The element ytterbium has fully-filled f-orbitals with the configuration 4f¹⁴ 6s².   

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