Job Costing: According to this theory costs are collected and accumulated according to jobs, contracts, products or work orders. Each job or unit of production is treated as a separate entity for the purpose of costing. The job costing method essentially involves preparation of a separate cost sheet for each job, disclosing cost of material issued for the job, labour charges incurred; when the job is completed, overhead charged are added for ascertaining total expenditure.
Process Costing: The process costing is another method of costing which is a five step process. The first step of the process costing is to summarize the flow of physical units in output. The second step of the costing is to calculate the equivalent units of output. After this the cost of these equivalent units is calculated. Then the total cost is calculated. The last and final step includes assigning of the total costs to units completed and to units in ending work in process inventory.
Contract Costing: A contract costing usually takes several years to get it completed. If the profit on such contract is recorded only after their competition, then wide fluctuation may be noted in the profit figure of contractors from year to year. It is one of the forms of application of the principles of job costing.
Batch Costing: This is a form of job costing. Under job costing, executed job is used as a cost unit batch costing; a lot of similar units which comprises the batch may be used as a cost unit for ascertaining cost.bin the case of batch costing separate cost sheets are maintained for each of products by assigning a batch number.
Operating Costing: It is a method of ascertaining cost of providing or operating a service. This method of costing is applied by those undertaking which provide service rather than production of commodities. The emphasis under operating costing is on the ascertainment of cost of services rather than on the cost of manufacturing a product.
Multiple Costing: Itrefer to the production of costing followed by a business where in a large variety of articles are produced, each differing from the other both in regards to the material required and process of manufacture. In such cases, cost of each article is computed separately by using, generally, two or more methods of costing.
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