The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England and Wales has defined the terms budget and budgetary control as follows:
Budget: “A financial and/or quantitative statement prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time of the policy to be pursued during that period for the purpose of attaining a given objective. It may include income, expenditure and employment of capital.â€
Budgetary Control: “Budgetary control is the establishment of budgets relating to the responsibilities of executives of a policy and the continuous comparison of the actual with the budgeted results, either to secure by the individual action the objective of the policy or to provide a basis for its revision.â€
The salient features of such a system are the following:
(i)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Determining the objectives to be achieved, over the budget period, and the policy or policies that might be adopted for the achievement of these ends.
(ii)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Determining the variety of activities that should be undertaken for the achievement of the objectives.
(iii)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Drawing up a plan or a scheme of operation in respect of each class of activity, in physical as well as monetary terms for the full budget period and its parts.
(iv)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Laying out a system of comparison of actual performance by each person, section or department with the relevant budget and determination of causes for the discrepancies, if any.
(v)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Ensuring that corrective action will be taken where the plan is not being achieved and, if that be not possible, for the revision of the plan.
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